Bronze and clay

Steven Muthikul Jones	Mark Newman	Adam Reeder	Charles A.Lamoureux	Marilyn Ines Rodriguez
Samuel Boulesteix	Sabin Howard	Timothy Nimmo	Vijay Maharjan	Brian Craig Wankiiri
Gino Cavicchioli	Franco Castelluccio	Denis Grace	Glauco Longhi	Karen Cope
Darren Nevin	Joanna Mozdzen	Kiran Jangir	Louis Brown	Steve Eichenberger

Pati Stajcar	Pierre Matter	Thiago Provin	Tim K Miller	Allan Carrasco
Matteo Pugliese	Suanne Martin	Sue Beatrice	Margaret Keelan	Cindy Billingsley
Jordu Schell	Kelly Borsheim	Andy Bergholtz	George Lafayette	Marika Baumler
Linda West	Odile Sergent	Nazz Abdoel	Christopher Stratos	Richard Rikk Roberts
Rick Fernandes	Harry Rozenberg	James Kagel	Jurga	Eddie Yang
Adam Beane	Joseph Lester	Scott Richard	Gabriel Garcia	Nicolas Pougis
Ale Amorin	Michele Collier	Linda Ganstrom	Dirk De Keyzer	Goran K. King
Mark James	Richard Becker	Stephen Perkins	Dan Woodard	Rosario Salerno
Steve Wang	Yves Pires	Susan Leyland	Amy Kann	Alex Oliver
Alan Cristopher Groves	Nikos Dresios	Daniel Peteuil	Kevin Garceau	Gerard Hunt
José Octavio Gutierrez R.	Eran Webber	Alberto García Nava	Vladimir Protas	Steven Whyte
Tony Cipriano	Erick Sosa	Chris Vierra	Christien Dutoit	Jonathan Fuller
Sukhi Barber	Vala Ola	Brian Keith	Cindy Jackson	Ferran Santiago
Eva Antonini	Cyril Roquelaine	David Lemon	Mikh	Romain Van den Bogaert
Faraut Philippe	Daniel Gamelas	Giovanni Nakpil	Masson Patrick	Jamie Beswarick
Lynn Christopher	Kent Kidwell	Lee Joyner	Edinho Maga	Harreson Tanner
Sutton Betti	Igor Seter	Alvaro Zardoni	George Mark	Josep Sanchez Carrasco
Igor Grechanyk	Michael Tizzano	Morley Myers	Paolo Giuffrida	Liborio Russo
Joaquin Palacios	Pierre Jean Chabert	Aris Kolokontes	Diego Licenblat	RS Cottrell
Aragorn Marks	Shawn Nagle	Bernard Silvera	David Richardson	Robert Mileham
Jason Wiebe	Karina Damiani	Jason Andrew Hite	Alena Tottle	Brian McCrudden
Beth Cavener Stichter	Mario Pitanguy	Emil Alzamora	Nick Elphick	Gary Mirabelle
Natasa Bozarova	Tanya Ragir	Renato Thally Ribeiro	Ricardo Diaz	Denis Chetboune
Pablo Vidal	Hironori Kawabata	Lorea Patrick	Trevor Grove	Amir Tavallai
Victor H. Yanez Pina	Misty Gamble	Cristina Cordova	Walter De Rycke	Paula Stern
Rathbone Kelly Garrett	Katwate Vaibhav	Frank Rekrut

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia :

Clay is a naturally occurring aluminium silicate composed primarily of fine-grained minerals. Clay deposits are mostly composed of clay minerals, a subtype of phyllosilicate minerals, which impart plasticity and harden when fired or dried; they also may contain variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure by polar attraction. Organic materials which do not impart plasticity may also be a part of clay deposits. Ceramic clays are water-based substances made from clay minerals mixed with other raw materials. They are baked at high temperatures, in a process known as firing to create ceramics, such as terra cotta, earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Oil-based clays are made from various combinations of oils, waxes, and clay minerals. Because the oils do not evaporate as does water, oil-based clays remain malleable even when left for long periods in dry environments. Articles made from oil-based clays are not fired, and therefore are not ceramics. Because the viscosity of oils are inversely related to temperature, the malleability can be influenced by heating or cooling the clay. Oil-based clay is not soluble in water. It can be re-used and so is a popular material for animation artists who need to rework their models. It is available in a multitude of colours and is non-toxic. Oil-based clays are referred to by a number of genericized trademarks. Plastilin, was patented in Germany by Franz Kolb in 1880. Plasteline was developed by Claude Chavant in 1892, and trademarked in 1927.[1]. Plasticine was invented in 1897 by William Harbutt of Bathampton, England. Plastilina is trademarked as Roma Plastilina by Sculpture House, Inc. According to their website, their formula is 100 years old[2]. Being readily worked in fine detail, Oil-based clays are also suitable for the creation of detailed sculptures from which a mold can be made. Castings and reproductions in a much more durable material can then be produced. Polymer clay is a material that will thermoset, that is, harden permanently when baked at a low temperature. Despite being called “clay”, it generally contains no clay minerals. Polymer clay hardens by curing at temperatures created in a typical home oven generally at 129 to 135 °C (265 to 275 °F) for 15 minutes per 6 mm (1/4″) of thickness and does not significantly shrink or change texture during the process. Polymer clay is sold in craft, hobby and art stores, and is used by artists, hobbyists and children. Polymer clay is also popular in animation since it allows static forms to be firm and not be deformed by things like fingerprints and toolmarks while modifying the scene. Leading brands of polymer clay include Fimo, Kato Polyclay, Sculpey & Madello. Paper clays are cellulose based substances which air dry firm. The finished sculpture is extremely lightweight. There are two major groups of paper clay/paperclay users: those using paperclay as an unfired body and those using paperclay in the ceramic studio to make sculptural and functional studio pottery. Commercial air drying clay does not shrink noticeably when drying. This type of clay cracks more easily. Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive. It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal. However, since “bronze” is a somewhat imprecise term, and historical pieces have variable compositions, in particular with an unclear boundary with brass, modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the more cautious and inclusive term “copper alloy” instead.[1] The word Bronze is believed to be cognate with the Italian: bronzo and German: brunst, perhaps ultimately taken from the Persian word for brass, birinj; or possibly from the Latin name of the city of Brindisi